Nitric oxide-mediated cortical activation: a diffuse wake-up system

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in some of the central pathways engaged in the regulation of the sleep–wake cycle. The existence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the cholinergic basal forebrain (BF) cells projecting to the cortex suggests a role for NO in the activation induced by the BF during arousal. We tested, in the anesthetized cat, the hypothesis that inhibition of NOS would decrease the ability of BFcholinergic fibers to induce cortical activation. In control conditions,BFstimulation evoked an awake-likeEEGpattern (i.e., a decrease in the low-frequency– high-amplitude oscillatory activity and an increase in the high-frequency–low-amplitude activity). After blocking NOS activity, the capacity of BF stimulation to induce cortical activation was strongly impaired. Furthermore, voltammetric measurements of NO levels revealed an increase in cortical NO after BF stimulation, also blocked by systemic NOS inhibition. These results indicate that the blockade of NOS activity significantly reduces the ability of BF stimulation to induce changes in the EEG pattern and suggest a role for NO in the BF–cholinergic system implicated in arousal mechanisms.