Implications of the Estrogen Receptor Coactivators SRC1 and SRC2 in the Biological Basis of Gender Incongruence
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Implications of the Estrogen Receptor Coactivators SRC1 and SRC2 in the Biological Basis of Gender IncongruenceAuthor(s)
Date
2021Citation
del Valle Ramírez, K., Fernández, R., Delgado-Zayas, E., Gómez-Gil, E., Esteva, I., Guillamon, A., & Pásaro, E. (2021). Implications of the Estrogen Receptor Coactivators SRC1 and SRC2 in the Biological Basis of Gender Incongruence. Sexual Medicine, 9(3), 100368.
Abstract
[Abstract] Introduction
Brain sexual differentiation results from the effects of sex steroids on the developing brain. The presumptive route for brain masculinization is the direct induction of gene expression via activation of the estrogen receptors α and β and the androgen receptor through their binding to ligands and to coactivators, regulating the transcription of multiple genes in a cascade effect.
Aim
To analyze the implication of the estrogen receptor coactivators SRC-1, SRC-2, and SRC-3 in the genetic basis of gender incongruence.
Main Outcome Measures
Analysis of 157 polymorphisms located at the estrogen receptor coactivators SRC-1, SRC-2, and SRC-3, in 94 transgender versus 94 cisgender individuals.
Method
Using SNPStats software, the allele and genotype frequencies were analyzed by χ2, the strength of the association was measured by binary logistic regression, estimating the odds ratio for each genotype. Measurements of linkage disequilibrium and haplotype frequencies were also performed.
Results
We found significant differences at level P < .05 in 8 polymorphisms that correspond to 5.09% of the total. Three were located in SRC-1 and 5 in SRC-2. The odds ratio analysis showed significant differences at level P < .05 for multiple patterns of inheritance. The polymorphisms analyzed were in linkage disequilibrium. The SRC-1 haplotypes CGA and CGG (global haplotype association P < .009) and the SRC-2 haplotypes GGTAA and GGTAG (global haplotype association P < .005) were overrepresented in the transgender population.
Conclusion
The coactivators SRC-1 and SRC-2 could be considered as candidates for increasing the list of potential genes for gender incongruence. Ramírez KDV, Fernández R, Delgado-Zayas E, et al. Implications of the Estrogen Receptor Coactivators SRC1 and SRC2 in the Biological Basis of Gender Incongruence. Sex Med 2021;9:100368.
Keywords
Estrogens
Estrogen Coactivators
Gender Dysphoria
Gender Incongruence
SRC-1
SRC-2
SRC-3
Estrogen Coactivators
Gender Dysphoria
Gender Incongruence
SRC-1
SRC-2
SRC-3
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional