Quirumbay Yagua, DanielFernández, DiegoNóvoa, Francisco2025-11-102025-11-102025-10-10Quirumbay Yagual, D.; Fernández Iglesias, D.; Nóvoa, F.J. A Hybrid Deep Learning-Based Architecture for Network Traffic Anomaly Detection via EFMS-Enhanced KMeans Clustering and CNN-GRU Models. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 10889. https://doi.org/10.3390/app1520108892076-3417https://hdl.handle.net/2183/46363Early detection of network traffic anomalies is critical for cybersecurity, as a single compromised host can cause data breaches, reputational damage, and operational disruptions. However, traditional systems based on signatures and static rules are often ineffective against sophisticated and evolving threats. This study proposes a hybrid deep learning architecture for proactive anomaly detection in local and metropolitan networks. The dataset underwent an extensive process of cleaning, transformation, and feature selection, including normalization of numerical fields, encoding of ordinal variables, and derivation of behavioral metrics. The EFMS-KMeans algorithm was applied to pre-label traffic as normal or anomalous by estimating dense centers and computing centroid distances, enabling the training of a sequential CNN-GRU network, where the CNN captures spatial patterns and the GRU models temporal dependencies. To address class imbalance, the SMOTE technique was integrated, and the loss function was adjusted to improve training stability. Experimental results show a substantial improvement in accuracy and generalization compared to conventional approaches, validating the effectiveness of the proposed method for detecting anomalous traffic in dynamic and complex network environments.eng© 2025 The AuthorsAttribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Behavioral analysisClusteringEdge computingHybrid deep learningIntrusion detectionSynthetic oversamplingjournal articleopen access