Vila-Sanjurjo, AntónSmith, Paul M.Elson, Joanna L.2025-01-092025-01-092021Vila-Sanjurjo A, Smith PM, Elson JL (2021). Heterologous Inferential Analysis (HIA) and Other Emerging Concepts: In Understanding Mitochondrial Variation In Pathogenesis: There is no More Low-Hanging Fruit. In: Weissig V, Edeas M (eds) Mitochondrial Medicine: Volume 3: Manipulating Mitochondria and Disease- Specific Approaches. Springer US, New York, NY, pp 203–245.978-1-0716-1270-5http://hdl.handle.net/2183/40647This is an accepted version of the published document. This version of the document has been accepted for publication, after peer review (when applicable), but is not the Version of Record and does not reflect post-acceptance improvements, or any corrections. The Version of Record is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1270-5_14[Abstract] Here we summarize our latest efforts to elucidate the role of mtDNA variants affecting the mitochondrial translation machinery, namely variants mapping to the mt-rRNA and mt-tRNA genes. Evidence is accumulating to suggest that the cellular response to interference with mitochondrial translation is different from that occurring as a result of mutations in genes encoding OXPHOS proteins. As a result, it appears safe to state that a complete view of mitochondrial disease will not be obtained until we understand the effect of mt-rRNA and mt-tRNA variants on mitochondrial protein synthesis. Despite the identification of a large number of potentially pathogenic variants in the mitochondrially encoded rRNA (mt-rRNA) genes, we lack direct methods to firmly establish their pathogenicity. In the absence of such methods, we have devised an indirect approach named heterologous inferential analysis (HIA ) that can be used to make predictions concerning the disruptive potential of a large subset of mt-rRNA variants. We have used HIA to explore the mutational landscape of 12S and 16S mt-rRNA genes. Our HIA studies include a thorough classification of all rare variants reported in the literature as well as others obtained from studies performed in collaboration with physicians. HIA has also been used with non-mammalian mt-rRNA genes to elucidate how mitotypes influence the interaction of the individual and the environment. Regarding mt-tRNA variations, rapidly growing evidence shows that the spectrum of mutations causing mitochondrial disease might differ between the different mitochondrial haplogroups seen in human populations.engSubject to Springer Nature’s AM terms of use (https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/policies/accepted-manuscript-terms).https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/policies/accepted-manuscript-termsHeterologous inferential analysisMitochondrial pathogenesisMitochondrial translationMitochondrial RNAMitotypesMitochondrial haplogroupsbook partopen accesshttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1270-5_14