Bessa, Maria JoãoBrandão, FátimaRosário, FernandaMoreira, Luciana Maria VazReis, Ana TeresaValdiglesias, VanessaLaffon, BlancaFraga, S.Teixeira, Joao2023-05-042023-05-042023-01-24Maria João Bessa, Fátima Brandão, Fernanda Rosário, Luciana Moreira, Ana Teresa Reis, Vanessa Valdiglesias, Blanca Laffon, Sónia Fraga & João Paulo Teixeira (2023) Assessing the in vitro toxicity of airborne (nano)particles to the human respiratory system: from basic to advanced models, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 26:2, 67-96, DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.21666381521-6950http://hdl.handle.net/2183/33009[Abstract] Several studies have been conducted to address the potential adverse health risks attributed to exposure to nanoscale materials. While in vivo studies are fundamental for identifying the relationship between dose and occurrence of adverse effects, in vitro model systems provide important information regarding the mechanism(s) of action at the molecular level. With a special focus on exposure to inhaled (nano)particulate material toxicity assessment, this review provides an overview of the available human respiratory models and exposure systems for in vitro testing, advantages, limitations, and existing investigations using models of different complexity. A brief overview of the human respiratory system, pathway and fate of inhaled (nano)particles is also presented.engAtribución 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/NanoparticlesRespiratory modelsIn vitroSubmerged culturesAir-liquid interfaceToxicity testingjournal articleopen access10.1080/10937404.2023.2166638