Maneiro-Catoira, RobertoBrégains, JulioGarcía-Naya, José A.Castedo, Luis2026-07-092026-07-092026R. Maneiro-Catoira, J. Brégains, J. A. García-Naya and L. Castedo, "Applicability of Time-Modulated Arrays in Multi-Layer PNT Scenarios," 2025 IEEE CNC-USNC-URSI North American Radio Science Meeting (Joint with AP-S Symposium), Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2025, pp. 3387-3388, doi: 10.23919/CNC-USNC-URSI64444.2025.11420099978-1-94681-520-02573-3036https://hdl.handle.net/2183/48839Presented at: 2025 IEEE CNC-USNC-URSI North American Radio Science Meeting (Joint with AP-S Symposium), 13-18 July 2025, Ottawa, ON, Canada © 2026 IEEE. This version of the article has been accepted for publication, after peer review. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. The Version of Record is available online at: https://doi.org/10.23919/CNC-USNC-URSI64444.2025.11420099[Abstract]: We propose an effective time-modulated array (TMA) architecture that enhances multi-layer positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) applications by enabling the generation and independent steering of four distinct beams. The proposed beamforming network achieves valuable capabilities, including precise multi-beam steering, Doppler shift compensation, and directional modulation, all while maintaining a simplified hardware design. These capabilities make the proposed TMA approach especially well-suited for strengthening PNT receivers against radio frequency interference and jamming threats.eng© 2026Doppler shiftNavigationArray signal processingReceiversHardwareTimingNorth AmericaJammingRadiofrequency interferenceconference outputopen access10.23919/CNC-USNC-URSI64444.2025.11420099