Nguyen, H. ChienBax, Eva A.Custers, Roel J.H.van Egmond, NienkeKuiper, Ruurd J.A.Arbadi, VahidRayegan, HassanGielis, Willem PaulSakkers, Ralph J.B.Kloppenburg, MargreetBlanco García, Francisco JHaugen, Ida KristinBerenbaum, FrancisJansen, MylèneMastbergen, Simon C.Lindner, ClaudiaCootes, Tim F.Weinans, Harrie2026-03-202026-03-202026Nguyen HC, Bax E, Custers RJH, van Egmond N, Kuiper RJA, Arbabi V et al. Progression of bone and joint space deformity in patients with mild knee osteoarthritis: data from the IMI-APPROACH cohort. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Open. 2026 Jun;8(2):100762.2665-9131https://hdl.handle.net/2183/47753[Abstract] Objective: This study aimed to divide leg malalignment into different categories of valgus and varus of the femur, tibia, and intra-articular knee joint and investigates whether knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients are susceptible for changes of such leg deformities over time. Design: This study included 317 radiographs and CT-images on baseline and 24 months of 169 patients (median age 67, 78.2 % female) of the prospective European IMI-APPROACH cohort, enrolled for knee OA. Femoral, tibial, and intra-articular geometry was determined. Different categories were analysed based on varus or valgus in the femur, in the tibia, or within the intra-articular joint. Changes of these variables over time and their correlations were determined with mixed model analysis. Results: Femurs tended to become more varus-like over the two-year follow up (0.3°, 95 % CI 0.6°–0.1°, p = 0.02), bony valgus femurs became more varus shaped (1.1°, 95 % CI:1.7°–0.5°, p < 0.001). Patients with bone varus and a normal joint line convergence angle (JLCA) showed a significant increase in intra-articular joint varus, with a mean JLCA increase of 1.1°(95 % CI:0.4°–1.7°, p = 0.005). By two years, they reached the threshold for defining intra-articular joint varus deformity, with a JLCA of 2.0°. Conclusions: Substantial intra-articular joint and bone varus progression was observed within two years. This study shows that bone deformity is to some extent a dynamic process and there is a growing varus malalignment in the intra-articular knee joint and bones. Thereby this study emphasizes the importance of leg malalignment for progression of intra-articular knee joint changes in early OA.engAttribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/journal articleopen access10.1016/j.ocarto.2026.100762