Indium(III)-Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of Tricyclic Frameworks by Cascade Cycloisomerization Reactions of Aryl 1,5-Enynes

Abstract

[Abstract] The indium(III)-catalyzed cascade cycloisomerization reaction of 1,5-enynes with pendant aryl nucleophiles is reported. The reaction proceeds in cascade under mild reaction conditions, using InI₃ (5 mol %) as a catalyst with a range of 1,5-enynes furnished with aryl groups (phenyl and phenol) at alkene (E and Z isomers) and with terminal and internal alkynes. Using 1-bromo-1,5-enynes, a one-pot sequential indium-catalyzed cycloisomerization and palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling with triorganoindium reagents were developed. The double cyclization is stereospecific and operates via a biomimetic cascade cation-olefin through 1,5-enyne cyclization (6-endo-dig) and subsequent C–C hydroarylation or C–O phenoxycyclization. Density functional theory (DFT) computational studies on 1,5-enynyl aryl ethers support a two-step mechanism where the first stereoselective 1,5-enyne cyclization produces a nonclassical carbocation intermediate that evolves to the tricyclic reaction product through a SᴇAr mechanism. Using this approach, a variety of tricyclic heterocycles such as benzo[b]chromenes, phenanthridines, xanthenes, and spiroheterocyclic compounds are efficiently synthesized with high atom economy.