Study of the Energy Transition in MENA Countries: The Development of Renewable Energies and Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) Technology as an Alternative

Abstract

[Abstract] This thesis examines the dynamics of energy transition in hydrocarbon-dependent economies, with particular emphasis on the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). While global momentum toward renewable energy and decarbonization is accelerating, the pace of transition among MENA oil producers lags behind that of Europe and North America. To address this divergence, the thesis integrates three studies that collectively highlight the structural, national, and technological dimensions of the transition process. The first topic analyzes the regional determinants of investment in energy transition among leading oil and gas firms. By assessing climate pledges, governance systems, extraction costs, hydrocarbon reserves, and financial access, it explains why European and North American firms have advanced more rapidly than their MENA counterparts. The second topic assesses Saudi Arabia’s diversification strategy, evaluating its achievements and ongoing challenges in pursuing renewable energy and climate goals. This analysis situates Saudi Arabia in both regional and global contexts, highlighting the policy and institutional factors influencing its progress. The third topic investigates Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) business models through a comparative case study of Saskatchewan, Canada. It evaluates the relevance of this model for Saudi Arabia, considering its potential to reduce emissions while sustaining hydrocarbon revenues. Together, these topics underscore the uneven geography of energy transition, the strategic dilemmas of resource-rich states, and the role of innovation in balancing energy security with climate imperatives. The thesis concludes with actionable recommendations for MENA policymakers and industry leaders, while also identifying future research avenues in governance and financing of low-carbon technologies.