Effects of exercise on physical fitness in older adults with and without severe cognitive impairment

Abstract

[Abstract] Physical fitness is defined as the ability to perform daily activities efficiently and without excessive fatigue, involving anthropometric variables and physical capacities. This study evaluates the effects of an adapted physical exercise program in older adults with and without severe cognitive impairment (SCI), aiming to compare its effects on blood pressure, anthropometric parameters, and physical fitness. The study included 78 older adults (24 with SCI) who participated in an individualized exercise program for one year, attending at least twice a week. Variables such as body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (%BF), handgrip strength (HGS), aerobic endurance (6MiWa), balance, coordination, and agility were assessed. The results show significant improvements (p < 0.05) in most variables after the intervention, especially in flexibility, walking speed, and coordination. Although adults with SCI started with lower baseline levels, the magnitude of the improvements was similar to that of adults without SCI. However, greater deterioration was observed in handgrip strength and lower limb strength in adults with SCI, highlighting the need for specific interventions for this population. The study concludes that adapted physical exercise improves physical fitness and anthropometric parameters in older adults with and without SCI. It emphasizes the importance of using playful and communicative strategies to ensure the active participation of adults with SCI, promoting their functionality and physical independence.