Further Studies on the Highly Active Des-C-Ring and Aromatic-D-Ring Analogues of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (Calcitriol): Refinement of the Side Chain

Abstract

[Abstract] Current efforts in the vitamin D field are directed toward the development of highly antiproliferative yet noncalcemic analogues of the natural hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25D₃). We have recently reported the design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and crystal structures of a series of novel analogues that both lack the steroidal C-ring and have an m-phenylene ring replacing the steroidal cyclopentane D-ring. We have now investigated the potentiating effects of incorporating selected modifications (hexafluorination and/or an internal triple bond) within the steroidal side chain in our series. An alternative synthetic strategy (Wittig–Horner approach instead of our previously used Pd-catalyzed tandem cyclization/cross-coupling) for the construction of the vitamin D triene system was found convenient for the target compounds 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c of this report. These modifications enhance vitamin D nuclear receptor (VDR) interactions and consequently VDR-associated biological properties compared to parental PG-136 compound while maintaining normal calcium levels.