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http://hdl.handle.net/2183/41487 La equiparación de la dificultad extraordinaria de cumplimiento a la imposibilidad sobrevenida de la prestación: análisis crítico
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Legerén-Molina, A. (2024). La equiparación de la «dificultad extraordinaria» de cumplimiento a la imposibilidad sobrevenida de la prestación. Análisis crítico. Anuario De Derecho Civil, 76(3). https://doi.org/10.53054/adc.v76i3.10103
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[Resumen] Ya desde el Derecho romano se reconoce la inexistencia de obligación sobre prestaciones imposibles, ya sea la imposibilidad originaria, ya sobrevenida. En la actualidad, cuando una prestación sea imposible de cumplir de manera sobrevenida sin culpa del deudor o sin que esté en mora, la consecuencia que el Código Civil español anuda es la extinción de tal obligación (cfr. art. 1182 CC). Junto con la interpretación de los textos legales, la determinación de los casos que suponen la «imposibili¬dad» liberatoria ex artículo 1184 CC exige realizar un análisis jurispru-dencial de tal concepto, amplitud y aplicación. Por la misma razón, carece de sentido pretender una definición a priori de qué sea la «imposibilidad» pues su contenido puede evolucionar o variar por medio de la interpreta¬ción jurisprudencial. Pero además, existen supuestos donde la prestación sigue siendo «materialmente» realizable aun cuando haya una disposición normativa que lo impida, o el cumplimiento, en sí posible, se torna gravoso o dificultoso desde un punto de vista material, emocional o económico. ¿Cabe equiparar entonces a la imposibilidad la dificultad extraordinaria en el cumplimiento?¿se ha de acudir al expediente del artículo 1184 CC o en cambio ha de utilizarse la vía de la «alteración sobrevenida de las cir¬cunstancias» que en España ha cristalizado, fundamentalmente, en la cláusula rebus sic stantibus? O, en fin, ¿existen algunos otros criterios, como por ejemplo, la inexigibilidad fundada en la buena fe u otros a que ha recurrido la jurisprudencia, que puedan servir para arrojar luz sobre los elementos delimitadores de las figuras apuntadas? Estas son algunas de las cuestiones que se analizan en el presente trabajo.
[Abstract] Ever since Roman Law, there has been recognized the non-existence of an obligation of «impossible performance», whether the impossibility was original or supervening. Nowadays, when an obligation is impossible in a supervening way without fault on the part of the one obliged or without him being in default, the consequence established in the Spanish Civil Code is the extinction of the obligation (cf. art. 1182 CC). Together with the inter¬pretation of the legal texts, the determination of the cases involving the discharging «impossibility» under Article 1184 CC requires a jurispruden¬tial analysis of such concept, its scope and its application. For the same reason, it makes no sense to draw an a priori definition of what «impossi¬bility» is, since its content may evolve or vary by means of case law inter¬pretation. Along with that, there are also cases in which the performance continues to be «materially» realizable although there is a legal provision that prevents it, or the performance, in itself possible, becomes burdensome or difficult from a material, emotional or economic point of view. Should an extraordinary difficulty in performance be equated to impossibility? Should we resort to the procedure of Article 1184 CC or should we instead use the «supervening alteration of circumstances» which in Spanish law has been crystallized, primarily, in the «rebus sic stantibus» clause? Or, finally, are there any other criteria, such as, for example, unenforceability based on good faith to which the case law has resorted, that may serve to shed light on the delimiting elements of the aforementioned figures? These are some of the questions analyzed in this paper.
[Abstract] Ever since Roman Law, there has been recognized the non-existence of an obligation of «impossible performance», whether the impossibility was original or supervening. Nowadays, when an obligation is impossible in a supervening way without fault on the part of the one obliged or without him being in default, the consequence established in the Spanish Civil Code is the extinction of the obligation (cf. art. 1182 CC). Together with the inter¬pretation of the legal texts, the determination of the cases involving the discharging «impossibility» under Article 1184 CC requires a jurispruden¬tial analysis of such concept, its scope and its application. For the same reason, it makes no sense to draw an a priori definition of what «impossi¬bility» is, since its content may evolve or vary by means of case law inter¬pretation. Along with that, there are also cases in which the performance continues to be «materially» realizable although there is a legal provision that prevents it, or the performance, in itself possible, becomes burdensome or difficult from a material, emotional or economic point of view. Should an extraordinary difficulty in performance be equated to impossibility? Should we resort to the procedure of Article 1184 CC or should we instead use the «supervening alteration of circumstances» which in Spanish law has been crystallized, primarily, in the «rebus sic stantibus» clause? Or, finally, are there any other criteria, such as, for example, unenforceability based on good faith to which the case law has resorted, that may serve to shed light on the delimiting elements of the aforementioned figures? These are some of the questions analyzed in this paper.
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Imposibilidad Imposibilidad sobrevenida de cumplimiento Dificultad extraordinaria de cumplimiento Alteración de las circunstancias Rebus sic stantibus Frustración del contrato Impossibility Supervening impossibility of performance Extraordinary difficulty of performance Alteration of circumstances Frustration of the contract
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