Impact of Alternative Fuels on IMO Indicators

Abstract

[Abstract] This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of different marine fuels such as heavy fuel oil (HFO), methane, methanol, ammonia, or hydrogen, on energy efficiency and pollutant emissions in maritime transport, using a combined application of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI), and Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII). The results show that methane offers the most balanced alternative, reducing CO2 by more than 30% and improving energy efficiency, while methanol provides an intermediate performance, eliminating sulfur and partially reducing emissions. Ammonia and hydrogen eliminate CO2 but generate NOx (nitrogen oxides) emissions that require mitigation, demonstrating that their environmental impact is not negligible. Unlike previous studies that focus on a single fuel or only on CO2, this work considers multiple pollutants, including SOx (sulfur oxides), H2O, and N2, and evaluates the economic cost of emissions under the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Using a representative model ship, the study highlights regulatory gaps and limitations within current standards, emphasizing the need for a global system for monitoring and enforcing emissions rules to ensure a truly sustainable and decarbonized maritime sector. This integrated approach, combining energy efficiency, emissions, and economic evaluation, provides novel insights for the scientific community, regulators, and maritime operators, distinguishing itself from previous multicriteria studies by simultaneously addressing operational performance, environmental impact, and regulatory gaps such as unaccounted NOx emissions.