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https://hdl.handle.net/2183/46304 El rol del Gerontólogo en la detección del maltrato: Evaluación de las herramientas de detección.
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Huang Giménez, Andreia I Ching
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Abstract
[Resumen] Introducción: El maltrato a personas mayores es un problema prevalente de salud pública, afectando aproximadamente a una de cada seis personas mayores de 65 años en la comunidad. El gerontólogo ocupa una posición clave para su detección, pero la selección de herramientas de cribado es un desafío complejo. El objetivo de esta revisión fue identificar y evaluar la eficacia, ventajas y desventajas de las principales herramientas de detección para su uso en la práctica gerontológica.
Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática en las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus y PubMed, incluyendo estudios publicados en la última década. Se seleccionaron artículos que evaluaran herramientas de cribado para el maltrato en personas mayores de 65 años, analizando sus propiedades psicométricas y su aplicación práctica.
Resultados: La búsqueda inicial identificó 11.509 registros, de los cuales 10 estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se analizaron nueve herramientas de detección distintas. La eficacia psicométrica varió significativamente, revelando una compensación entre alta sensibilidad y la generación de falsos positivos. La brevedad fue una ventaja común de muchas herramientas, pero una limitación crítica es la ausencia de un "estándar de oro" universalmente aceptado para la detección del maltrato.
Conclusiones: No existe una herramienta de detección universalmente superior; su elección depende del contexto clínico y los objetivos del cribado. Se concluyó que los instrumentos son un complemento al juicio clínico experto del gerontólogo, no un sustituto. La habilidad del profesional para seleccionar e interpretar críticamente la herramienta adecuada es el factor determinante para una detección eficaz y responsable del maltrato.
[Abstract] Introduction: Elder abuse is a prevalent public health problem, affecting approximately one in six people over 65 years of age in the community. Gerontologists are key in its detection, but the selection of screening tools is a complex challenge. The objective of this review was to identify and evaluate the effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages of the main screening tools for use in gerontological practice. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases, including studies published in the last decade. Articles were selected that evaluated screening tools for abuse in people over 65 years of age, analyzing their psychometric properties and practical application. Results: The initial search identified 11,509 records, of which 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. Nine different screening tools were analyzed. Psychometric effectiveness varied significantly, revealing a trade-off between high sensitivity and the generation of false positives. Brevity was a common advantage of many tools, but a critical limitation was the absence of a universally accepted "gold standard" for abuse detection. Conclusions: There is no universally superior screening tool; its choice depends on the clinical context and screening objectives. It was concluded that the instruments are a complement to, not a substitute for, the gerontologist's expert clinical judgment. The practitioner's ability to critically select and interpret the appropriate tool is the determining factor for effective and responsible detection of abuse.
[Abstract] Introduction: Elder abuse is a prevalent public health problem, affecting approximately one in six people over 65 years of age in the community. Gerontologists are key in its detection, but the selection of screening tools is a complex challenge. The objective of this review was to identify and evaluate the effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages of the main screening tools for use in gerontological practice. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases, including studies published in the last decade. Articles were selected that evaluated screening tools for abuse in people over 65 years of age, analyzing their psychometric properties and practical application. Results: The initial search identified 11,509 records, of which 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. Nine different screening tools were analyzed. Psychometric effectiveness varied significantly, revealing a trade-off between high sensitivity and the generation of false positives. Brevity was a common advantage of many tools, but a critical limitation was the absence of a universally accepted "gold standard" for abuse detection. Conclusions: There is no universally superior screening tool; its choice depends on the clinical context and screening objectives. It was concluded that the instruments are a complement to, not a substitute for, the gerontologist's expert clinical judgment. The practitioner's ability to critically select and interpret the appropriate tool is the determining factor for effective and responsible detection of abuse.






