Assessment of the Materials Employed in Green Artificial Reefs for the Galician Estuaries in Terms of Circular Economy
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Assessment of the Materials Employed in Green Artificial Reefs for the Galician Estuaries in Terms of Circular EconomyAuthor(s)
Date
2020Citation
Carral, L.; Camba Fabal, C.; Lamas Galdo, M.I.; Rodríguez-Guerreiro, M.J.; Cartelle Barros, J.J. Assessment of the Materials Employed in Green Artificial Reefs for the Galician Estuaries in Terms of Circular Economy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8850. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238850
Abstract
[Abstract] To exploit marine resources in a sustainable way, efficient management systems must be used such as green artificial reefs (GARs). These reefs are mostly made up of renewable and organic materials. When adopting the circular economy (CE) model, industrial processes must be reconsidered. By adapting how conventional artificial reefs (CARs) are engineered and produced to embrace the principles of the CE, certain materials can be used. Renewable resources are designed to be reintroduced into the biosphere without producing harmful organic residues or nutrients. Within a framework that covers economic, environmental and social considerations, this study offers four new proposals related to substituting the materials destined for the components in an artificial reef. For the first time, two different methodologies were applied to determine the best alternative in terms of its contribution to both sustainability and CE. From the results obtained, the best solutions are in line with substituting a certain amount of the cement and sand with mussel shells. The importance of the results lies in the fact that the canning industry in Galicia (northwest Spain) generates shell residues which promote grave environmental consequences.
Keywords
Arrecifes artificiales
Economía circular
Energías renovables
Residuos orgánicos
Artificial reef
Circular economy
Renewable resources
Organic residues
Mussel industry
Sustainability
Economía circular
Energías renovables
Residuos orgánicos
Artificial reef
Circular economy
Renewable resources
Organic residues
Mussel industry
Sustainability
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Rights
Atribución 4.0
ISSN
1661-7827